如何天使投资(2)

我不认为自己有资格谈论这个大的话题。这篇文章的主要思想来自 Naval。Naval是著名的风险投资家,他写的《纳瓦尔宝典》也曾风靡于创投圈。

每个人都觉得自己有着很好的判断力

心理学上,有「邓宁-克鲁格效应」,指的是一种认知偏差:在特定领域能力有限的人高估了自己的能力。或者说,无能者很难认识到自己的无能。

这在一定程度上是一种自我防御机制。但也说明,我们很难知道自己有没有好的判断力。

Naval 认为,需要5~15年才能知道自己有没有好的判断力,并且需要有一个计划,来长期校准并提高自己的判断力。

在种子阶段,判断更多的是关于人的判断、产品潜力和市场潜力,而不是你衡量现金流、客户获取成本或病毒式传播指标的能力——因为你没有太多数据。

而多元化的投资组合,可以理解为对知识匮乏的一种对冲。

Naval认为,在天使轮阶段,没有人有足够的信息,能抱有很高的信念,或万无一失的判断

判断是您在交易达成之前所做的工作

随着时间的流逝,我们评估交易需要的数据越来越少。判断不一定是尽职调查,甚至不一定是思考。判断是你在交易到来之前做的准备,这样你的潜意识就可以快速处理它。

早期投资更多的是直觉,而不是尽职调查。对早期投资的判断不涉及广泛的尽职调查。是的,检查参考资料、与其他人交谈并仔细考虑是明智的。但这需要几天,而不是几周。随着时间的流逝,您将建立起一种直觉,并且您将需要越来越少的数据来评估交易。(这点其实蛮奇怪。直觉比数据更准。)

最好的投资者对 FOMO 免疫(FOMO指错失恐惧)。初创公司现在接受过培训,可以进行紧凑、快速的融资过程。对于从加速器中走出来的初创公司来说尤其如此。他们中的一些人向你施加压力,让你做出决定。最好的投资者对FOMO效应免疫。如果你催促他们在 48 小时内做出决定,他们会说,“好吧,我不会在 48 小时内做出决定,所以这不适合我。他们不会看它,即使这是一笔热门交易。FOMO在一定程度上对许多投资者都有效。我为我考虑的交易采用 24 小时冷静期。即使在我决定投资之后,我也会强迫自己等待 24 小时后再继续前进。(根据我在 Web3 的经验,也感觉 FOMO 是危险的。有时即使投到了,也需要承担较高的价格)

初创公司随时转向(Pivots)意味着对人的判断力至关重要

Naval 也认同这种流行的观点:投种子阶段初创公司就是投人。

优秀的投资者是否与你一起参与这一轮融资?

当成熟的投资者涌入本轮融资时,这是一个良好判断力的标志

判断力需要接受不被讨喜

具有良好判断力的人倾向于在生活的各个方面表现出来。

他们博览群书,批判性思考,并持有广泛的想法和观点,包括相互冲突的想法和观点。具有良好判断力的人很谦虚,自我意识相对较低,因此他们不会过于执着于早期的决定。他们不断质疑自己

通常,他们接受过科学或其他技术培训,并在处理现实世界的后果性反馈的行业工作,而不仅仅是人们对他们的看法。

群体思维导致判断力差。有良好判断力的人愿意不受欢迎。最清晰的思想家从头开始工作,并在他们的推理中使用第一原则。他们最终依靠自己的权威。还有其他导致判断力变差的事情是,判断力的过度社会化,以及选择社会或政治上受欢迎的事物。(Things that lead to poor judgment: groupthink, over-socialization of judgment and picking things because they are politically or socially popular. )(我其实不太清楚,判断力的过度社会化是什么意思。但感觉想要有判断力,就应该多独自思考。很多数学题的答案,也是靠独自思考来的。)

You have to be iconoclastic enough to recognize genius founders without being so low in judgment that you let in all the crazy ones too.
你必须足够反传统,才能认出天才的创始人,而不是在判断力上太低,以至于你也让所有疯狂的人都进来。

Patri Friedman is making weird investments
帕特里·弗里德曼(Patri Friedman)正在进行奇怪的投资

The way portfolios are constructed, you may be better off investing in a lot of crazy deals than a lot of decent looking deals.
投资组合的构建方式,您可能最好投资于大量疯狂的交易,而不是大量看起来不错的交易。

To give a recent example: Patri Friedman started a fund called Promonos Capital. He’s investing in experiments in governance: new city states, towns and localities. These are places where people are taking local government into their own hands and doing experiments in governance.
举个最近的例子:帕特里·弗里德曼(Patri Friedman)创办了一家名为Promonos Capital的基金。他正在投资治理实验:新的城邦、城镇和地方。在这些地方,人们将地方政府掌握在自己手中,并进行治理实验。

This seems impossibly difficult to do. The history with seasteading in Honduras doesn’t look great. But all you have to do is stumble into the next Singapore or Hong Kong—whether it’s virtual or physical—and you have something that can create trillions of dollars in wealth and change the way people live.
这似乎很难做到。洪都拉斯的海上稳定历史看起来并不好。但你所要做的就是偶然进入下一个新加坡或香港——无论是虚拟的还是实体的——你就拥有了可以创造数万亿美元财富并改变人们生活方式的东西。

Promons benefits from two things. First, they have a unique brand because nobody else is doing that. Everybody interested in this space knows to go to them. Second, the vast majority of their investments are going to look mad—but the few genius outliers should have huge returns because they’re non-consensus investments.
Promons从两件事中受益。首先,他们有一个独特的品牌,因为没有其他人这样做。每个对这个领域感兴趣的人都知道要去找他们。其次,他们的绝大多数投资看起来都很疯狂,但少数天才的异常值应该有巨大的回报,因为它们是非共识投资。

Similarly, Founders Fund, Steve Jurvetson and a variety of other people built their brands by being willing to fund weird deals long before anybody else.
同样,Founders Fund、Steve Jurvetson 和其他各种各样的人都愿意在其他人之前很久就为奇怪的交易提供资金,从而建立了自己的品牌。

每笔交易可以有一个致命的缺陷,但不能有太多

一个打破所有规则的创业公司是一事无成的。你必须用你的判断力来弄清楚创业公司什么时候可以违反规则,什么时候不能。一个遵循所有规则的创业公司可能不会很有趣。一个打破所有规则的创业公司将一事无成,因为他们必须从头开始重塑一切。

你会在你的赢家身上得到更少的钱

始终尝试在交易中获得标准的一口大小,而不是一口吃成胖子。你很容易高估自己的判断力。说“我不知道”是完全可以的。大多数时候,这应该是你的答案。只有少数交易你应该说,“我有信念”。而且,即便如此,也要小心你有多少信念。

不要幻想如果你是创始人,你会做什么

你不会通过在 TechCrunch 或彭博新闻社上阅读有关技术的信息来成为一名出色的科技投资者。你必须找到源头。您应该毫不犹豫地阅读科学论文和期刊。你应该复习一下你的数学。你应该真正享受学习科学和技术的行为。毕竟,技术是应用科学。

只投资技术团队

如果没有技术团队,就等于没有投资技术。

Avoid Teams That Would Sell Early 避免那些会提前销售的团队

Venture capital is a grand slam business
风险投资是一项大满贯业务

Naval: Angel investing is a game of exceptional outcomes; it’s not a game of averages. You’re better off with a portfolio in which nine out of 10 investments go to zero and the 10th one goes 1,000x, than a portfolio where all of them are 2x or 3x.
Naval:天使投资是一场具有非凡结果的游戏;这不是一个平均数的游戏。如果投资组合中 10 项投资中有 9 项为零,第 10 项投资为 1,000 倍,则比所有投资均为 2 倍或 3 倍的投资组合要好。

If a founding team hints, signals or even just appears likely to sell the company early, it’s a strong negative indicator. Teams that are overly financially motivated often will sell a company for $100M or $200M. That’s a life-changing outcome for them; but it doesn’t matter much to you because you own so little. It’s not going to move the needle on your net worth.
如果创始团队暗示、暗示甚至看起来可能会提前出售公司,这是一个强烈的负面指标。过于财务动机的团队通常会以1亿美元或2亿美元的价格出售一家公司。这对他们来说是一个改变生活的结果;但这对你来说并不重要,因为你拥有的太少了。它不会影响你的净资产。

As Bill Gurley famously said, “Venture capital is not even a home run business. It’s a grand slam business.” The smart VCs look for extreme outliers.
正如比尔·格利(Bill Gurley)的名言:“风险投资甚至不是一种全垒打的业务。这是一项大满贯赛事。聪明的风投会寻找极端的异常值。

This is why smart VCs let founders sell secondaries early on. They take some money off the table in exchange for going for the gold.
这就是为什么聪明的风投公司让创始人很早就出售二级市场的原因。他们从桌子上拿走一些钱,以换取黄金。

When you invest in a company that is going to sell early, you miss out on compounding interest. Also, VCs downstream will read that signal and pass on that deal, and the startup won’t be able to raise the cash they need to become a big company.
当你投资一家打算提前出售的公司时,你就错过了复利。此外,下游的风险投资公司将阅读该信号并传递该交易,而初创公司将无法筹集成为大公司所需的现金。

It’s difficult to pull this signal out of founders, although sometimes they offer it.
很难从创始人那里提取出这个信号,尽管有时他们会提供它。

‘First-Time Founders’ Often Have Been Tinkering for Quite a While “首次创业者”通常已经修补了很长一段时间

Their ‘first’ startup isn’t always their first startup
他们的“第一次”创业并不总是他们的第一次创业

Naval: There’s a running debate among investors about which is best: first-time founders or repeat founders. There’s no hard and fast answer.
Naval:投资者之间一直在争论哪个是最好的:首次创业者还是重复创业者。没有硬性答案。

I’d argue that most of the value in the industry is probably created by first-time founders. Think of Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, and Mark Zuckerberg: Lightning strikes, things catch fire and the company takes off.
我认为,这个行业的大部分价值可能是由首次创业者创造的。想想杰夫·贝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)、比尔·盖茨(Bill Gates)、拉里·佩奇(Larry Page)、谢尔盖·布林(Sergey Brin)和马克·扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg):雷击,事情着火,公司起飞。

‘First-time founder’ can be misleading
“首次创业者”可能会产生误导

Though, the label “first-time founder” doesn’t really apply to some of these. Zuckerberg had other projects before Facebook took off. Gates founded Traf-O-Data with Paul Allen long before they did Microsoft. They measured traffic and sold the data to cities.
不过,“首次创始人”这个标签并不适用于其中一些。在Facebook起飞之前,扎克伯格还有其他项目。盖茨与保罗·艾伦(Paul Allen)一起创立了Traf-O-Data,早在他们做Microsoft之前。他们测量了交通流量,并将数据出售给城市。

Often, a so-called “first-time founder” has been tinkering for quite a while.
通常,一个所谓的“首次创始人”已经修补了很长一段时间。

Repeat founders tend to be better at execution
重复创业者往往更善于执行

Repeat founders also can be extremely successful. Look at Uber, WhatsApp and Zoom.
重复的创始人也可以非常成功。看看 Uber、WhatsApp 和 Zoom。

Repeat founders tend to be much better at execution. They’re good at recruiting teams and generally more careful about what markets they enter. Repeat founders also have better connections, which makes fundraising easier.
重复创业者往往更善于执行。他们擅长招募团队,并且通常对他们进入的市场更加谨慎。重复的创始人也有更好的人脉,这使得筹款更容易。

Because repeat founders have been around, they’re more likely to have established long-term relationships with people you know, making it easier to check their reputation and whether they have integrity.
因为重复的创始人一直在身边,所以他们更有可能与你认识的人建立了长期的关系,从而更容易检查他们的声誉和他们是否诚信。

Repeat founders tend to be less passionate
重复创业者往往不那么热情

On the other hand, repeat founders tend to be less passionate. They surveyed the market and picked what they think is going to work—not necessarily what they’re super excited about.
另一方面,重复创业者往往不那么热情。他们调查了市场,并选择了他们认为会起作用的,而不一定是他们超级兴奋的东西。

They tend to have less specific knowledge about the field because they haven’t been buried in it for the last 20 years; although you sometimes get that specific knowledge with founders coming from bigger companies who incubated a technology they really like.
他们往往对这个领域没有那么具体的了解,因为他们在过去的 20 年里还没有被埋没在这个领域;尽管您有时会从来自大公司的创始人那里获得这些特定知识,他们孵化了他们真正喜欢的技术。

Deals with repeat founders tend to be more expensive, so your returns are lower. There are tradeoffs. I don’t have a hard and fast rule like “don’t back repeat founders” or “don’t back first-time founders.” I find both can work, and both can not work.
与重复创始人的交易往往更昂贵,因此您的回报较低。这是有取舍的。我没有像“不要支持重复创业者”或“不要支持首次创业者”这样的硬性规定。我发现两者都可以工作,但两者都不能工作。

Repeat Founders Don’t Really Want to Start Over From Scratch 重复创业者真的不想从头开始

Test repeat founders for passion
测试重复创业者的激情

Naval: With first-time founders, you must test their ability to learn. Are they fast learners? Will they learn how to run a company? Will they adapt and grow?
Naval:对于首次创业者,你必须测试他们的学习能力。他们学得很快吗?他们会学习如何经营公司吗?他们会适应和成长吗?

This is different than asking: “Are they coachable?” I believe coachability is overrated.
这与问:“他们是可指导的吗?我认为可教练性被高估了。

Test repeat founders for passion
测试重复创业者的激情

With repeat founders, you should test for passion. When the going gets tough, will they see the company all the way through—or will they go start the next thing? Do they have conviction? Do they have the humility to go through it again, starting from scratch?
对于重复的创始人,你应该测试激情。当事情变得艰难时,他们会看到公司的整个过程,还是会开始下一件事?他们有信念吗?他们有谦卑的态度再次经历它,从头开始吗?

Repeat founders often don’t want to start over with four or five people crammed into a tiny space behind wooden desks. They want to start with a lot of money, a big bang, a big office and a big team.
重复创业者通常不想让四五个人挤在木桌后面的狭小空间里重新开始。他们想从很多钱开始,大爆炸,一个大办公室和一个大团队。

That can work when there’s mostly execution risk, which is often the case in enterprise sales and software. It doesn’t work as well when there’s invention risk, which is the case with consumer, social networks and deep technology development.
这在主要存在执行风险的情况下是可行的,这在企业销售和软件中通常是这种情况。当存在发明风险时,它就不那么有效了,消费者、社交网络和深度技术开发就是这种情况。

First-time founders take on market risk
首次创业者承担市场风险

Nivi: So, first-time founders take on market risk, which explains why they tend to have the biggest outcomes. It also explains why most of them fail. While repeat founders take on execution risk, which explains why they deliver more consistent results. It also explains why the returns aren’t huge: They’re not betting on a market insight.
Nivi:所以,首次创业者会承担市场风险,这就解释了为什么他们往往会取得最大的成果。这也解释了为什么他们中的大多数都失败了。虽然重复的创始人承担了执行风险,但这解释了为什么他们会提供更一致的结果。这也解释了为什么回报并不高:他们没有押注市场洞察力。

Naval: That’s a deep way of summarizing it. First-time founders take on market risk and create new markets as a result—or own entire markets—and repeat founders take on execution risk.
Naval:这是一种深刻的总结方式。首次创业者承担市场风险并因此创造新市场,或者拥有整个市场,而重复创业者则承担执行风险。

There are also some blends. For example, when you’re developing a new technology, it can create a new market. That requires deep expertise, which favors a first-time founder. But it also requires raising lots of money and addressing things like manufacturability and distribution of something new, which might require a repeat founder’s resources.
也有一些混合物。例如,当你在开发一项新技术时,它可以创造一个新的市场。这需要深厚的专业知识,这有利于首次创业者。但它也需要筹集大量资金,并解决诸如可制造性和新事物的分配等问题,这可能需要重复创始人的资源。

Sometimes a sweet spot emerges: a repeat founder with previous success that wasn’t so big that they lost their first-time founder mentality.
有时,一个甜蜜点会出现:一个重复的创始人,以前的成功并没有那么大,以至于他们失去了第一次创始人的心态。

Let’s say you have a team of people that builds robots. They failed because they were too early and the market wasn’t quite ready. But they made a good attempt, and they did it with little money.
假设你有一个制造机器人的团队。他们失败了,因为他们为时过早,市场还没有完全准备好。 但是他们做了一个很好的尝试,他们用很少的钱做到了。

The team comes back later and still wants to build robots. They tell you the timing is finally right and they’ve brought on a few younger people with access to new technology. Now they’re in a position to raise more money—and they’ve got a big chip on their shoulder, determined to prove this space can work. Those kinds of bets can be very interesting.
团队后来回来了,仍然想制造机器人。他们告诉你,时机终于到了,他们已经带来了一些可以使用新技术的年轻人。现在,他们有能力筹集更多的资金,而且他们的肩膀上有一个很大的筹码,决心证明这个领域可以发挥作用。这些类型的赌注可能非常有趣。

这里关于初次创业和持续创业的说法很有趣。持续创业者,可能执行得更好。但初次创业者,或许更有激情。

参考资料:https://nav.al/angel-2

https://nav.al/angel-1